How to Observe the Lyrid Meteor Shower

Every April, the Lyrid meteor shower, one of many yearly meteor showers, sends a cloud of dust and tiny rocks the size of a grain of sand hurtling to Earth. Most of these meteors vaporize in the atmosphere before reaching our planet. Key Takeaways The Lyrid Meteor shower, so named because it appears to stream from the constellation Lyra, occurs every April 16 to 26th with the peak taking place on April 22 into April 23Observers may see between 10 to 20 meteors per hour in a normal year, but during the heavy peaks that occur every 60 or so years, dozens or even hundreds of meteors may be visibleComet 1861 G1/Thatcher is the source of dust particles that become Lyrid meteors When to See the Lyrids A wonderful thing about the Lyrids is that they arent just a one-night occurrence.  They begin around April 16 and last until April 26th. The peak of the shower occurs on April 22, and the best time for viewing is after midnight (technically early  morning on the 23rd). Observers can normally expect to see anywhere from 10 to 20 flashes of light per hour, all streaming from the area near the constellation Lyra. At that time of year, Lyra is best visible in the hours after midnight on the 22nd.   Tips for Observing the Lyrids The best advice for watching the Lyrids shower is true for almost any meteor swarm. Observers should try to watch from a dark-sky site. If thats not possible, then its best to at least get out of the glare of nearby lights. Chances of seeing the shower are also much better if theres not bright moonlight. On nights when the Moon is full and bright, the best choice is to go out around midnight and look for meteors before the Moon rises. To see the Lyrids, observers should keep an eye out for meteors that look as though they have originated from the constellation Lyra, the Harp. In reality, the meteors dont actually come from these stars; it merely looks that way because the Earth passes through the stream of dust and particles, which appears to be in the direction of the constellation.  Luckily for meteor watchers, Earth passes through many such streams throughout the year, which is why we see so many meteor showers. Looking at an incoming meteor descend through Earths atmosphere, as seen from the International Space Station. NASA What Causes the Lyrids?   The meteor shower particles that create the Lyrids are actually the debris and dust left behind from the Comet 1861 G1/Thatcher.  The comet orbits the Sun once every 415 years and sheds a great deal of material as it passes through our solar system. Its closest approach to the Sun brings it to about the same distance as Earth, but its most distant point is way out in the Kuiper Belt, 110 times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Along the way, the comets path experiences the gravitational pull of other planets such as Jupiter. That disturbs the dust stream, with the result that approximately every sixty years, Earth encounters a thicker-than-usual part of the comets stream. When that happens, observers might see as many as 90 or 100 meteors per hour. Occasionally a fireball streams through the sky during the shower, indicating a piece of cometary debris thats somewhat larger—perhaps the size of a rock or a ball.   Other well-known meteor showers caused by comets are the Leonids, caused by Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, and Comet P1/Halley, which brings material to Earth in the form of the Orionids. Did You Know? Friction between the gases that make up our atmosphere and small particles (meteors) causes meteors to heat up and glow. Typically, the heat destroys them, but occasionally a larger piece survives and lands on the Earth, at which point the debris is called a meteorite.   The most significant outbursts of Lyrid meteors in recent times were recorded starting in 1803.  Thereafter, they occurred in 1862, 1922, and 1982.  If the trend continues, the next heavy outburst for Lyrid watchers will be in the year 2042.   A Lyrid meteor as seen by an allsky camera studying the sky in April 2013. MSFC Meteoroid Environment Office   The History of the Lyrids People have been seeing meteors from the Lyrid shower for well over two thousand years. The first known mention of them was made in the year 687 BCE, recorded by a Chinese observer. The largest known Lyrid shower sent an amazing 700 meteors per hour through Earths skies. That occurred in 1803 and it lasted for several hours as Earth plowed through a very thick path of dust from the comet.   Watching isnt the only way to experience meteor showers. Today, some amateur radio operators and astronomers track Lyrids and other meteors by capturing radio echoes from meteoroids as they flash through the sky. They tune by tracking a phenomenon known as forward radio scattering, which detects pings from the meteoroids as they strike our atmosphere. Sources â€Å"In Depth | Lyrids – Solar System Exploration: NASA Science.† NASA, NASA, 14 Feb. 2018, solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/lyrids/in-depth/.NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast27apr99_1.SpaceWeather.com -- News and Information about Meteor Showers, Solar Flares, Auroras, and near-Earth Asteroids, www.spaceweather.com/meteors/lyrids/lyrids.html.

The Roaring Twenties A Time Of Economic Prosperity

What came to be known as the Roaring Twenties was a time of economic prosperity following the First World War. At the crest of Jazz Age, when traditional norms were tested and culture was displayed through music and literature, American consumerism was at its peak. From Ford’s automobiles to the smallest of household appliances, from houses to stock market bonds, the average American used credit to purchase all of these appliances. However, at the height of this consumerism, the wealth gap amidst the affluent and the impoverished refused to contract in size. At this moment, 0.1 percent of the elite acquired the same total income as 42 percent of the Nation’s population. With the average personal debt rising and the overproduction of consumer goods too stubborn to decrease; on October 29, 1929, otherwise known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed. Unlike others before it, this crash impacted a significant amount of the Nation’s population; predominantly due to its prosperity within the last decade as a result of foreign market advantages during the First World War. Black Tuesday came to be known as the event that set in motion what was the worst economic collapse in history, the infamous Great Depression, which lasted over a decade. Former President of the United States, Herbert Hoover, passed it on as â€Å"a passing incident in our national lives.† As a result of his belief in rugged individualism, Hoover concluded that it was not up to the federal government to try andShow MoreRelatedWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped from this 20th century time period under the influence of mass media. World War I, or the Great War, was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. It was a war sparked by militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism. 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In the early 1920’s, the United States experienced a period of immense reorganization of social and economical life; therefore, this post- World War I era became referred to as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s†, â€Å"The Jazz Age†, or â€Å"The AgeRead MoreThe Roaring 20s Essay examples655 Words   |  3 PagesThe Roaring Twenties In the 1920’s, America was evolving into a fun, carefree, and entertaining country – or so many people thought. On the outside, many people observed Americans with prosperity, lavish lives, and new opportunities through new technology and inventions. However, although America seemed to be well off at the time and enjoying life, it was only a slight cover up. Inside the country, there was turmoil which included debt and war. 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Discussion topic Free Essays

I really appreciate the way you listed the steps in selecting random samples. I did not come across any steps or rules to obtain a simple random sample. The lottery Is a form of simple sampling. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion topic or any similar topic only for you Order Now It does not use any method to select numbers other than the population number set. Consecutive numbers can be drawn or number far apart from each other. I would like to know more about the difference between the type of random sampling used in lottery draws versus the sampling method steps you scribed. The only type of selection process in the text book definition states simple random sampling uses selection of elements from the selection frame (Burns, 2011). References Burns, N.. Grove, S. K. , Gray. J. (2011). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. Your post brings up the very important fact that the sample size need to be large enough to represent the target population (Ramsey, 2011). Target population size eyeing too small is a common problem with random sampling as you have described with Autism ratios. If there were more states Involved with the CDC Autism survey, the results may differ. The question or research being done may not need a large population as well. Random sampling need to have a large enough size, must represent the target population and must truly be random (Ramsey, 2011 Ramsey, D. J. (2011). Statistics for dummies. Hoboken, N. J: Wiley. Cluster sampling Is a productive way to obtain random sampling of a very large population. National restaurant chains test new menu items In this way. When I lived in Ohio, it was a big test market area. Supposedly the population of Ohio was thought to be representative of Midwestern people. Area restaurants such as McDonald’s, Taco Bell, and Domino’s introduced new menu items in this area to survey their popularity. I do not know what type of demographic data was used to determine that Ohio residents were representative of the Midwestern population. It was nice to get to try the new menu Items before the rest of the country. The first McDonald’s salads and Domino’s try at breakfast pizzas were yummy. The Taco Bell French fries didn’t make it. This was a good example of being part of a large cluster sampling process without ever knowing it. I think you covered all the different types of sampling very thoroughly. I am not sure the term census Is a type of random sampling. Census Is usually a method of attempting to collect date from an entire population (Ramsey, 2011). How to cite Discussion topic, Papers

Effect of Employee Engagement

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Employee Engagement. Answer: Introduction Proper employee engagement is essential for achieving success in business. The term employee engagement refers to creating an environment, where the employees of the organization can work properly and perform better to achieve the organizations aim. In the words of Huang et al., (2016), employee engagement is the art of engaging the employees or workforce in the operational activities of the organization. An organization can engage its employees in a better way by building a strong bonding with its employees (Eisenberger, Malone Presson, 2016). This proposal is going to state about the study that will focus on the employee engagement and try to identify the how the employee engagement affect the performance of an organization. During the research, the special focus will be made on the Woolworths Limited, which is one of the largest retailers in Australia. The study will concentrate on a particular organization so that the research can be done in a concise and easy manner. This proposal will state about the aim, objectives, questions, methodology, timeframe and expected outcome of the research. In different studies, it has been identified that the performance of the company depends on the level of perfectness of the employee engagement (Anthony?McMann et al., 2016). This means, the large business organizations have adopted better employee engagement strategies, which provided them more success. However, in the current scenario, the business organizations are more focused on the end results and due to that, many organizations are becoming more casual regarding the employee engagement (Smith Bititci, 2016). This indicates that the managements of the organizations are not properly aware of the effects of employee engagement on the performance level of the organization. However, the outcomes of this study will help the organizations understanding the relationship between the employee engagement and organizations performance (Eldor Harpaz, 2016). The aim of the study will be identifying the impacts of employee engagement on the performance level of the organization. The objectives of the study will be as follows: To identify the positive effects of employee engagement on the satisfaction of the employees To identify the strategies that Woolworths has taken for better employee engagement To analyze the challenges that Woolworths is currently facing in employee engagement To identify the possible ways that can help the organizations for better employee engagement Literature review Identifying the concept and benefits of employee engagement Employee engagement indicates the way of creating an emotional attachment with the employees and motivating them towards achieving the organizational goal by providing a comfortable working zone at the workplace. Cunningham (2016) noted that for better employee engagement, the management must understand the quality and needs of the employees. The management must provide the job role to the as per the quality and efficiency level of the employees, so that they can be comfortable with their job role (Potoski Callery, 2016). For example, an IT expert must be engaged with the IT related work, otherwise, the employees skills and knowledge will not meet the required standard of work and the employee will not comfortable with the job role (Carter et al., 2016). At the same time, the management also requires creating a friendly working culture, so that the employees feel free to share their views and ideas at the workplace. Shuck, Adelson and Reio (2016) suggested for better employee engage ment, the management must try to create a homely atmosphere within the organization to make the employees free. A free-minded employee can think about innovation and free minded are more creative than the others. Bakhshi and Gupta (2016) mentioned that the business organizations may gain several benefits through better employee engagement. The benefits of employee engagement are as follows: Strong relationship - Better employee engagement facilitates stronger relationship between the management and employees (Nimon, Shuck Zigarmi, 2016). If the organization provides better facilities and engages the employees as per their ability, then the employees feel happy with their job role and at the same time, they can work properly (Krishnaveni Monica, 2016). As a result, the relationship between the employer and employees becomes stronger. Performance improvement Better employee engagement also helps to improve the performance standard of the employees in better way. The employees get the scope to enhance their knowledge through regular practice if they are engaged in proper job role (Thomas, 2016). This actually helps the employees improving their performance level. Goal achievement As the performance of the employees is improved through employee engagement, the organization becomes able to achieve its goal properly. This means, employee engagement facilitates better goal achievement (Gutermann et al., 2016). Increased employee retention The employee retention rate also increases due to the proper employee engagement. Proper employee engagement provides better job satisfaction to the employees and it ultimately increases the retention of the employees (Shah Beh, 2016). Identifying the limitations that the organizations generally face in employee engagement The above discussion has indicated that the employee engagement provides many advantages to the employees as well as organizations. However, Aryee et al., (2016) has stated that employee engagement also has some limits, which create challenges for the organizations. The limitations of the employee engagement are as follows: Difficult to motivate all employees with same strategies In order to implement proper employee engagement, the managements of the organizations require taking some specific strategies. However, Nimon, Shuck and Zigarmi (2016) noted that the needs and knowledge level of all employees are not same. One employee engagement strategy may be effective for one employee, but that may not be effective for the others. Therefore, taking proper employee engagement strategy is very difficult. Security risk Sometimes, employee engagement requires revealing certain secrets of the organization to the lower level employees (Potoski Callery, 2016). This creates security risk for the organization because there are chances that the employees may reveal to companys secret to the people outside the organization. Difficult to provide regular updates Proper employee engagement requires giving all updates to the employees. However, Shuck, Adelson and Reio (2016) mentioned that it is very difficult and hectic job to provide all the updates to the employees on regular basis. This is also much time consuming work and this may decrease the productivity. Expensive procedure The implementation of proper employee engagement strategy is very expensive for the companies. Employee engagement requires providing proper training to the employees and at the same time, this also requires regular updating, improvement and maintenance of the working environment, which are much costly (Carter et al., 2016). Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that there are several limitations, which limits the implementation and use of employee engagement strategies in the business organizations. However, Bakhshi and Gupta (2016) commented that nowadays, many organizations are implementing different strategies to avoid the limitations of employee engagement. For example, at Wesfarmers Limited, the management implements the employee engagement by providing different facilities, but they never reveal the top secrets of the company to the lower level employees. This helps the organization avoiding security risk of employee engagement. Theories of employee engagement One of the primary objectives of employee engagement is motivating the employees towards organizations goal. This means, the employee engagement is based on the theory of motivation. MacGregors Theory X and Theory Y explain the employee engagement in a better way (Potoski Callery, 2016). The Theory X and Theory Y explain the employee engagement from two different perspectives. The Theory X explains that the employees within the organization are unmotivated towards their job. This thinking of the employees influences the management taking effective strategies to motivate the employees (Gutermann et al., 2016). The X theory suggests adopting the authoritarian management style for better employee engagement. This means, the X theory suggests dominating the employees to engage them in a better way. On the other side, Theory Y states about the de-centralized management style, which is known as the participative leadership. This theory also indicates that when the management adopts the participative leadership or management style, the employees get motivated towards the goal achievement (Potoski Callery, 2016). Therefore, it can be said that the Theory X and Theory Y both suggest different ways for implementing proper employee engagement within the organization. Research questions The research questions for this particular research project will be as follows: How employee engagement influences the satisfaction level of the employees? What are the key strategies that the management of Woolworths Limited has taken for better employee engagement? What are the major challenges that the management of Woolworths Limited are facing in employee engagement? How the management of the organizations can improve the employee engagement? Research hypotheses The hypotheses of this research will be as follows: H0: There is no relationship between the employee engagement and organizations performance. H1: There is direct relationship between the employee engagement and organizations performance. Research methodology Every research needs a specific methodology to achieve its final aim successfully. The methodology of the research indicates the philosophy, approach and design that are followed during the study. This research project will also follow a particular methodology that will include suitable research philosophy, research approach and research design. A research can follow either of the three research philosophies positivism philosophy, realism philosophy and interpretivism philosophy (Silverman, 2016). In comparison to the other two research philosophies, the positivism philosophy is easier and simple. Apart from that, the positivism philosophy allows conducting the quantitative research (Vaioleti, 2016). Due to these reasons, this study will follow the positivism philosophy during the research. Along with the philosophy, the research will also require selecting and following the suitable approach and design of the research. Deductive and inductive are the two available research approaches. Deductive approach is very simple and less time consuming. At the same time, the deductive approach allows analyzing the research data logically (Holloway Galvin, 2016). Apart from that, the deductive approach conducts the study after setting the research hypotheses at the initial stage (York Barclay, 2016). Due to these reasons, this study will follow the deductive approach. On the other side, the study will follow the descriptive research design because the descriptive research design will help conducting the analysis of the study based on the existing theories and literature (Hammersley, 2016). Gantt chart The Gantt chart of a project shows the timeline and plan of the research. The Gantt chart for this research study is shown below: Activities 1st week 2nd Week 3rd week 4th week 5th week 6th week 7th week 8th week 9th week 10th week 11th week 12th week 13th week 14th week Topic selection for the study Identifying and setting the aim, objectives, hypotheses and questions of the research Existing literature review Selecting the philosophy, approach and design for the research Collecting the primary data through survey and interview Analyzing the primary data of the research Identifying and presenting the outcomes of the analysis Concluding the study Suggesting the appropriate recommendations Preparing the final draft Table 1: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Research process A systematic procedure is essential for a research project. The process of this particular research will include several steps. The research process will start with the selection of topic. Topic selection is most important part of the research because if the topic is not proper, then the study cannot be conducted successfully. The second step of the process will be setting the aim, objectives, hypotheses and questions of the research. The next step will be reviewing the existing literature. At this step, the study will identify the gap between the existing literature and current study. After completion of literature review, the study will set the methodology of the research, in which the study will select the philosophy, design and approach. Data collection and analysis will be the next step after methodology selection. The data will be collected from the primary sources and will be analyzed by following the suitable data analysis techniques. Lastly, the study will derive at the conclusion, where the study will analyze, whether the research findings meet the research objectives or not and on the basis of those recommendations will be provided. Data collection and analysis methods Data collection is another vital part of research. Before collecting the data, the research needs to select which type of data will be used in the study. This particular research will use primary as well as secondary data. The primary data for the research will be collected by using two methods or techniques survey and interview. The survey will be conducted with the employees of Woolworths Limited. The survey will be done through social media like, Gmail. The sample for the survey will be selected by following probability sampling method. Probability sampling method will be followed because the number of employees will be more. The survey questionnaire will be sent to 100 employees and it is expected at least 70 employees will reply back. On the other side, the interview will be taken from managers of the Woolworths Limited. The sample for the interview will be selected by following the non-probability sampling method. The approach will be made to 7 managers of the company and at l east 4 managers will be agreed for the interview. The primary data of the study will be analyzed by following two data analysis methods quantitative data analysis method and qualitative data analysis method. The data, which will be collected from the survey, will be analyzed by the quantitative data analysis method. As the quantity of the survey data will be high, the quantitative method will be more suitable for the analysis. On the other side, the qualitative method will be followed for analyzing the data, which will be collected through interview. Expected research outcomes This particular research will aim to identify the relationship between the employee engagement and performance of the organization. It is expected that after analyzing the primary as well as secondary data, the research will able to identify the relationship between the two variables of the study. At the same time, it is also expected that the study will clearly identify the strategies that the Woolworths Limited has taken for better employee engagement. Apart from that, during this study, the challenges that the management of Woolworths Limited is facing currently in employee engagement will also be cleared out. Conclusion In this proposal, it has been identified that the study will identify and analyze the impact of employee engagement on the performance level of the organization. The study will focus on Woolworths Limited. The proposal has indicated that the study will follow a systematic research procedure. At the same time, the proposal has also stated that the research will follow the positivism philosophy, descriptive research design and deductive research approach. The proposal has also indicated that the study will be based on primary as well as secondary data and the data will be analyzed with the help of quantitative and qualitative methods. It is expected that the study will able to identify the actual impact of employee engagement on the performance of Woolworths Limited. References Anthony?McMann, P. E., Ellinger, A. D., Astakhova, M., Halbesleben, J. R. (2016). Exploring Different Operationalizations of Employee Engagement and Their Relationships With Workplace Stress and Burnout.Human Resource Development Quarterly. Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F. O., Gachunga, H., Hartnell, C. A. (2016). Workplace Family Resources and Service Performance: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement.Africa Journal of Management,2(2), 138-165. Bakhshi, A., Gupta, R. (2016). Personal and Job Related Correlates of Employee Engagement at Work.Indian Journal of Community Psychology,12(2), 312-317. Carter, W. R., Nesbit, P. L., Badham, R. J., Parker, S. K., Sung, L. K. (2016). The effects of employee engagement and self-efficacy on job performance: a longitudinal field study.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-20. Cunningham, A. (2016). What are the Key Drivers Used to Promote Employee Motivation and Engagement in a Manufacturing Environment?. Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing Perceived Organizational Support to Enhance Employee Engagement.Society for Human Resource Management and Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Eldor, L., Harpaz, I. (2016). A process model of employee engagement: The learning climate and its relationship with extra?role performance behaviors.Journal of Organizational Behavior,37(2), 213-235. Gutermann, D., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Voelpel, S. C., Born, M. (2016, January). Unit-level Work Engagement as a Key to Organizational Performance. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 14778). Academy of Management. Hammersley, M. (2016).Reading ethnographic research. Routledge. Holloway, I., Galvin, K. (2016).Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Huang, Y. H., Lee, J., McFadden, A. C., Murphy, L. A., Robertson, M. M., Cheung, J. H., Zohar, D. (2016). Beyond safety outcomes: An investigation of the impact of safety climate on job satisfaction, employee engagement and turnover using social exchange theory as the theoretical framework.Applied ergonomics,55, 248-257. Krishnaveni, R., Monica, R. (2016). Employee Engagement: A Key to Employee Well Being-A Conceptual Study.Dr. Nagaraj Shenoy. Nimon, K., Shuck, B., Zigarmi, D. (2016). Construct overlap between employee engagement and job satisfaction: a function of semantic equivalence?.Journal of Happiness Studies,17(3), 1149-1171. Potoski, M., Callery, P. J. (2016, January). Peer Communication Improves Environmental Employee Engagement. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 14667). Academy of Management. Shah, S. H. A., Beh, L. S. (2016). Impact of Motivation Enhancing Practices and Mediating Role of Talent Engagement on Turnover Intentions: Evidence from Malaysia.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(4). Shuck, B., Adelson, J. L., Reio, T. G. (2016). The Employee Engagement Scale: Initial Evidence for Construct Validity and Implications for Theory and Practice.Human Resource Management. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, M., Bititci, U. S. (2016). Interplay between performance measurement and management, employee engagement and performance.International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 1-24. Thomas, R. (2016). Supervisors Engagement And Organization Outcomes: The Mediating Role Of Employee Engagement On Task Performance And Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Vaioleti, T. M. (2016). Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research.Waikato Journal of Education,12(1). York, K. M., Barclay, L. A. (2016). Introducing Quantitative Research to HRM Majors: The Structured Survey Project.Journal of Human Resources Education,10(2), 13-24.

El Greco Essays - El Greco, Heraklion, Titian,

El Greco El Greco was born 1541 and died 1614 in Toledo at age 73. He was named at birth Domeniko's TheotoKopoulos. He was Born in Candia, the capital of the island of Crete, off the coast of Greece. Nothing is certain is known of the first twenty five years of El Greco's life, except that he lived on Crete and became a painter. It is thought from later events in his life that El Greco recieved a sound education in letters. He came from a family of middle or upper classes, which could afford to send their children to school. He studied under a master named Titian and Tentonetto. He was not self taught. June 6, 1566 is the first record of El Greco's existence as a painter. On this day Maistro Menegos Theotokopoulos signed a sale in a lottery (sale) for one of his pictures. After this point the next record of El Greco was August 18, 1568 in Venice. He had gone to venice to develop his talent as a painter and learn about Italian art. He later left Italy or Spain to earn a better sale on paintings. El Greco had a Venetian apprentice ship and trained him well in divining the personalities of his models and had given him a serious approach to his subjects. He was not the madman nor the excessive original that people have thought him to be. He was an enthusiastic colorist. He was fond of unusual tones. He sacrificed everything in his search for effects. Despite his mistakes, El Greco canonly be considered as a great painter. He had an unusual style as the work of a genius. After his arrival in Toledo (July 1577) he formed a relationship with a woman named Jeronima de las Cueuns. He lived with her there after and never married. They had a son named Jorge manuel in 1578. Jorge was trained as a painter and architect and became his father's partner beginning around 1500. Little is known about El Greco. He made a good income as a painter but was a poor manage of his finances. He was often in debt. He lived in a large palace in Toledo owned by the Marquios of Villena. He did not associate with other artists, but with scholars, poets and priests. He worked on treatises concerning the arts of painting. El Greco was known for his quick wit and intelligence, his pride and arrogance. This even led to arguments with customers about the price of his works. He created wonderful masterpieces of painting in a style that deserves to be called original and unconventional. Some thought his paintings were a non realstic stlye and distorted and that the figures in them were gaunt and haggard. Some felt he painted modern art, to the spaniards he was a cultural hero and painted their own national religions spirit. He will always be known as an old master who spoke in modern work. His works distorted the tones of painting, the human body, and landscape to make all see what point he was making about a person or a scene he was painting. El Greco is one of the greatest portraitists in the history of painting.

Thomas Hobbes essays

Thomas Hobbes essays Thomas Hobbes, a mathematician, and John Locke, a philosopher both had great ideas on human society. Hobbes had a more pessamistic outlook on on human nature. Locke saw men living in a state of nature which was basically reasonable an cooperative. In my opinion hobbes ideas on human nature as being competitive prove more true. Humans are reasonably cooperative but it is a learned trait, uneducated humans like early cave men would compete for food, they would live in a state of war. In a condition as no education, it would be every man for himself, there would be no culture, no technology, no society and humans would live in continual fear and danger of death, and life would be poor, nasty, and short.Both of these philosophers have ideas that prove true to human society but Hobbes ideas reflect more on nature and the human society. ...

Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Data Collection - Assignment Example rt from FEMA to explain the state of emergency management as well as present their findings regarding the heavy loss that was experienced following hurricane Katrina. In the report, it was apparent that the multi-agency operation lacked proper coordination because of the communication challenge occasioned by destruction of telecommunication network. Further on, the decision by government to cut down on its budgetary allocation to emergency management and the concomitant impacts have widely been tackled in peer reviewed articles, print media, as well as online news website. Information gathered from the aforementioned sources is critical in informing the various stakeholders of steps to be undertaken to address the challenge. First, from the issues raised by the disaster managers, it is apparent that limited budgetary allocation has further complicated the path to finding solution to the challenge. Secondly, citizen apathy and preference to varied communication challenge has made emergency officers face an uphill task when trying to reach out to victims of a disaster. From the information gathered, various recommendations have been put forth, including adoption of social media platforms to enhance communication. Additionally, these recommendations have proposed new state of communication infrastructure that, if adopted, would guarantee minimal interference in case of

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer law - Essay Example The White Paper policy was formulated to minimise differences in manners of purchase.1 These remedies are discussed below. Right to Reject the Goods When a consumer discovers that the goods hired or purchased from a retailer do not match the description given, or are unfit for purpose intended for, or are not of merchantable quality, they are entitled to reject them and thus terminate the contract. With the contract terminated, they will not be under an obligation to pay for the goods as previously provided by the contract. This right will not be available where the purchase or hiring is within the course of business and the defect is so insignificant that rejecting the goods would be unreasonable. This remedy is available if the defect is noticed within six years from the time of purchase2 and it is shown that the fault has not been caused by ordinary wear or tear or through misuse by the purchaser. Within the first six months, it is for the retailer to prove that the goods in quest ion were not inherently defective. After the six months the burden shifts to the consumer to prove that the goods were defective when they were sold. ... Acceptance is deemed to have taken place when the consumer expressly states that they have accepted the good, when they alter the goods or when they continue to keep the goods for a reasonable duration of time3. Courts’ decisions on what amounts to a reasonable period of time provide varied answers. In the case of Bernstein V Pamson Motors (Golders Green) Ltd4, where the consumer was held to have accepted the car by keeping it for less than four weeks after purchasing it. In contrast, in Bowes V Richardson & Son Ltd5, it was held that the consumer had the right to reject the car even after keeping it for seven months after purchase. The consumer will lose his right to complain of the faultiness of the goods if he purchased the goods more than 6 years ago. They will also not be entitled to complain where they knew the goods to have been defective at the time of sale after it was pointed out to them. Even where the defect was not pointed out to them but the consumer had them exa mined by an independent party and the defect was manifestly visible or should have been discovered from a proper examination of the goods, he will still have no legitimate right to complain about the defect. Also, they will not be entitled to complain if at the time of sale the retailer came out clean and confessed that they were unsure of the suitability of the goods for purpose. When a consumer purchases second hand goods, he still has the right to a product that is fully useable and undamaged and can return the goods if they are found not to be useable. When the consumer knowingly purchases a defective item, even though they cannot return the item on the basis of that particular defect, they can still return the item if

Marketing Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan - Coursework Example At the same time, one can enjoy the great taste of a carbonated drink with perfect nutritional intake. VegShot is being launched by Unilever. The name ‘Unilever’ is familiar to everyone. The name itself represents reliability and ensures quality. Unilever is a British-Dutch multi-national corporation, established in 1890s, which is operating in nearly 180 countries, possessing more than 400 brands. It has 167000 employees, as of 2010, belonging to 22 different nationalities. It is a global market leader in all Food categories including Savory, Spreads, Dressings, Tea and Ice Cream as well as in Mass Skin Care and Deodorants and has very strong positions in different Home and Personal Care categories. Its portfolio ranges from nutritionally balanced foods to indulgent ice creams, affordable soaps, luxurious shampoos and everyday household care products. The vision of Unilever is based upon the four pillars: To create a better future every day. To help people feel good, lo ok good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others. To inspire people to take small everyday actions that can add up to a big difference for the world.

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay A Robot is man-made mechanical device that can move itself, whose motion must be modeled, planned, sensed, actuated and controlled, and whose motion behaviour can be influenced by programming. Robots are called intelligent if they succeed in moving in safe interaction with an unstructured environment, while autonomously achieving their specified tasks. This definition implies that a device can only be called a robot if it contains a movable mechanism, influenced by sensing, planning, actuation, and control components. It does not imply that a minimum number of these components must be implemented in software, or be changeable by the consumer who uses the device; for example, the motion behaviour can have been hard-wired into the device by the manufacturer. 12.2 Three Laws of Robotics Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. He suggested three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines.- A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. 12.3 Components of robotic systems This figure depicts the components that are part of all robotic systems. The real robot is some mechanical device (mechanism) that moves around in the environment, and, in doing so, physically interacts with this environment. This interaction involves the exchange of physical energy, in some form or another. Robotics as an integrated system of control interacting with the Figure : components of robotic system Both the robot mechanism and the environment can be the cause of the physical interaction through Actuation, or experience the effect of the interaction, which can be measured through Sensing. Sensing and actuation are the physical ports through which the Controller of the robot determines the interaction of its mechanical body with the physical world. As mentioned already before, the controller can, in one extreme, consist of software only, but in the other extreme everything can also be implemented in hardware. Within the Controller component, several sub-activities are often identified: Modelling- The input-output relationships of all control components can (but need not) be derived from information that is stored in a model. This model can have many forms: analytical formulas, empirical look-up tables, fuzzy rules, neural networks, etc. The other components discussed below can all have models inside. A System model can be used to tie multiple components together, but it is clear that not all robots use a System model. The Sensing model and Actuation model contain the information with which to transform raw physical data into task-dependent information for the controller, and vice versa. Planning- This is the activity that predicts the outcome of potential actions, and selects the best one. Almost by definition, planning can only be done on the basis of some sort of model. Regulation- This component processes the outputs of the sensing and planning components, to generate an actuation setpoint. Again, this regulation activity could or could not rely on some sort of (system) model. The term control is often used instead of regulation, but it is impossible to clearly identify the domains that use one term or the other. 12.4 Parts Concept required for Robot Generally robots have at least the below mentioned parts and concepts: Sensors Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind.   Sensors can provide some limited feedback to the robot so it can do its job.   Compared to the senses and abilities of even the simplest living things, robots have a very long way to go.  The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.   A sensor also gives the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it.  Sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell are the kinds of information we get from our world.   Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For instance, a robot sensor might see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see Switch Sensors Light Sensors Polarized light Resistive Position Sensors Effectors An  effector  is any device that affects the environment. Robots control their effectors, which are also known as end effectors. Effectors include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings and fins. Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the environment. Two basic ways of using effectors: to move the robot around =>locomotion to move other object around =>manipulation Actuators Actuators, also known as drives,  are mechanisms for getting robots to move. Most actuators are powered by pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics (fluid pressure), or motors (electric current).  Most actuation uses electromagnetic motors and gears but there have been frequent uses of other forms of actuation including muscle-wires and inexpensive Radio Control servos. To get a motor under computer control, different motor types and actuator types are used. Some of the motor types are Synchronous, Stepper, AC servo, Brushless DC servo, and Brushed DC servo.   Radio Control servos for model airplanes, cars and other vehicles are light, rugged, cheap and fairly easy to interface. Some of the units can provide very high torque speed. A Radio Control servo can be controlled from a parallel port. Controllers The robot connects to a computer, which keeps the pieces of the arm working together. This computer is the controller. The controller functions as the brain of the robot. The controller can also network to other systems, so that the robot may work together with other machines, processes, or robots Arms common effectors known as Arms. The robot arm comes in all shapes and sizes and is the single most important part in robotic architecture. The arm is the part of the robot that positions the End Effector and Sensors to do their pre-programmed business. Many (but not all) resemble human arms, and have shoulders, elbows, wrists, even fingers. This gives the robot a lot of ways to position itself in its environment.   Artificial Intelligence The term artificial intelligence is defined as systems that combine sophisticated hardware and software with elaborate databases and knowledge-based processing models to demonstrate characteristics of effective human decision making. The criteria for artificial systems include the following: functional: the system must be capable of performing the function for which it has been designed; able to manufacture: the system must be capable of being manufactured by existing manufacturing processes; designable: the design of the system must be imaginable by designers working in their cultural context marketable: the system must be perceived to serve some purpose well enough, Mobility Industrial robots are rarely mobile. Work is generally brought to the robot. A few industrial robots are mounted on tracks and are mobile within their workstation. Service robots are virtually the only kind of robots that travel autonomously. Research on robot mobility is extensive. The goal of the research is usually to have the robot navigate in unstructured environments while encountering unforeseen obstacles. Some projects raise the technical barriers by insisting that the locomotion involve walking, either on two appendages, like humans, or on many, like insects. Most projects, however, use wheels or tractor mechanisms. Many kinds of effectors and actuators can be used to move a robot around. Some categories are: legs (for walking/crawling/climbing/jumping/hopping) wheels (for rolling) arms (for swinging/crawling/climbing) flippers (for swimming) Types of robot 12.5.1 Mobile Robot- Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go.   Mobile robots can be divided in two categories   1.1 Rolling Robots:   Rolling robots have wheels to move around.   These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily search move around.   However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard time.   Flat terrains are their territory 1.2 Walking Robots:   Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels.   Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from tumbling.   Thats why most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more.   Even when they lift one or more legs they still keep their balance.   Development of legged robots is often modeled after insects or crawfish. Stationary Robots Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being.   Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch.   Most robots are working in industry settings.   Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots.   A robot never grows tired; it will perform its duty day and night without ever complaining.   In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be reprogrammed to perform other tasks Autonomous Robots Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained.   In a way they rely on their own brains. Autonomous robots run a program that gives them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings.   At times these robots even learn new behavior.   They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform.   The most successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is shaped.   Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way.   Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the robot adjust its program and performs a pattern which enables it to move in a direction Remote-control Robots An autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit.   The memory and brain capacity is usually limited; an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is not the right choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower.   A person can guide a robot by remote control.   A person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed.   To detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger area Virtual Robots   Ã‚   Virtual robots dont exist in real life.   Virtual robots are just programs, building blocks of software inside a computer.   A virtual robot can simulate a real robot or just perform a repeating task.   A special kind of robot is a robot that searches the World Wide Web.   The internet has countless robots crawling from site to site. These WebCrawlers collect information on websites and send this information to the search engines.    BEAM Robots BEAM is short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics.   BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAM robots can be simple and very suitable for starters. Key Points Robotics  is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of  robots. Field of robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science,  artificial intelligence  , mechatronics,  nanotechnology  , and bioengineering. MITs Kismet: an expressive robotic creature with perceptual and motor modalities tailored to natural human communication channels. In the future, robots will have a high level of intelligence, such as feeling and emotions, or the ability to make a rational decision on their own. Exercise Q.1 Discuss the Laws of Robotic system? Q.2 What are main components of any robotic system? Q.3 What kind of tasks a robot can perform? Q.4 What is the difference between Automation and Robots? Q.5 How can we measure performance of any robot? Q.6- What is degree of freedom? How much degree of freedom is required for 2D and 3D motion?

Food Irradiation Essay -- essays research papers

Food Irradiation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food irradiation has the longest history, more than 40 years, of scientific research and testing of any food technology before approval. Research has been comprehensive, and has included wholesomeness, toxicological, and microbiological evaluation. Worldwide, 38 countries permit irradiation of food, and more than 28 billion lb of food is irradiated annually in Europe. It is important to note that food irradiation has a pretty remarkable list of national and international endorsements: ADA, American Council on Science and Health, American Medical Association, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, International Atomic Energy Agency, Institute of Food Technologists, Scientific Committee of the European Union, United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the US food supply has achieved a high level of safety, microbiological hazards exist. Because foods may contain pathogens, mishandling, including improper cooking, can result in food-born illness. Irradiation has been identified as one solution that enhances food safety through the reduction of potential pathogens and has been recommended as part of a comprehensive program to enhance food safety. However, food irradiation does not replace proper food handling. So the handling of foods processed by irradiation should be governed by the same food safety precautions as all...